![]() A Latin square, known in Arabic as wafq majazi, is a square containing cells in which each row and each column have the same set of symbols in distinction from a magic square in which there is no repetition. Arabic Manuscripts from the 13th Century sometimes seem to feature the first Latin Squares, often given mystical of Kabblahlic significance. The concept of Latin Squares has been known since at least medieval times. From Magic Squares to Latin and Graeco-Latin Squares He traveled widely throughout Italy and beyond, and may have been the one of the people responsible for the introduction of Magic Squares into Europe. Ben Meir ibn Ezra translated many Arabic works into Hebrew and had a deep interest in Magic Squares and numerology in general. 1090-1167), a Hispano-Jewish philosopher and astrologer. Magic Squares with cells 4x4 or 6圆 or 7x7 were particularly popular, with 10x10 squares being produced by the 13th century.Īccording to the on-line magazine Convergence, as cited by Ballew, it also appears that Magic Squares may have introduced to Europe through Spain by Abraham Ben Meir ibn Ezra (c. In subsequent years Islamic writers developed a variety of methods for forming larger Magic Squares, in which no numeral was repeated and the sums of each row and each column and the two diagonals were the same. The numbers were written in the abjad letter-numerals, and because the four corners of this square contained the letters ba', dal, waw, and ha', this particular square became known as the buduh square.īy that time, the Magic Square concept became so popular that the name buduh itself was assigned talismanic properties. These squares consisted of nine cells with the numbers 1 to 9 arranged with 5 in the center so that the contents of each row, column and the two diagonals added up to 15. The Jabirean Corpus suggested Magic Squares as charms for easing childbirth. Magic Squares in Islamic literatureĪccording to Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine first appearance of the Magic Square (known in Arabic as wafq) in Islamic literature occur in the Jabirean Corpus - a group of writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (known in Europe as Geber), and generally thought to have been compiled at the end of the 9th or early 10th century A.D. Even so, this document contains examples and not explicit methods. Camman indeed claims that the two methods given by Moschopoulos for constructing odd magic squares were known to the Persians, citing an anonymous Persian manuscript (Garrett Collection no. Biggs, referring to a paper by Camman, suggests that the methods explained by Moschopoulos may have been of Persian origin and be linked to those expounded by al-Buni. In 1225, according to the above citation, Ahmed al-Buni showed how to construct Magic Squares using a simple bordering technique, but he may not have discovered the method himself. This article uses material from the Wikipedia articleĪnd is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. No general constructive methods appeared by that time. A list of squares of all orders from 3 to 9 is displayed in The Encyclopedia, compiled about 990 by a group of Arabic scholars known as the Ikhwan al-safa (English: brethren of purity). It is discussed by Thabit ibn Qurra, known for his formula for amicable numbers, in the early ninth. According to the on-line magazine Convergence, as cited in the article Magic Squares by Pat Ballew, the idea of the magic square was transmitted to the Arabs from the Chinese, probably through India, in the eighth century. It’s hard, perhaps impossible, to pinpoint the exact time and place in which the original concept of Sudoku (Japanese: 数独, sūdoku) began, but it seems to be related to the appearance of the first Magic Squares. Using pure logic and requiring no math to solve, these fascinating puzzles offer endless fun and intellectual entertainment to puzzle fans of all skills and ages. ![]() Sudoku are easy to learn yet highly addictive language-independent logic puzzles which have recently taken the whole world by storm. Sudoku Geschichte From ancient Magic Squares to the Rubik's Cube of the 21st century ![]()
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